离娄上 · 第 09 / 28 章 · 孟子 4A.9
《孟子·离娄上》4A.9:得天下有道,得其民斯得天下
孟子把政治合法性的链条讲得极清楚:失天下,先失民;失民,先失心。反过来,要得天下,也必须先得民心。这章也适合放回自反、乱世与守道这一问题链中理解。
孟子曰:「桀纣之失天下也,失其民也。失其民者,失其心也。得天下有道:得其民斯得天下矣。得其民有道,得其心斯得民矣。得其心有道:所欲,与之聚之;所恶,勿施尔也。民之归仁也,犹水之就下,兽之走圹也。故为渊驱鱼者,獭也;为丛驱爵者,鹯也;为汤、武驱民者,桀与纣也。今天下之君有好仁者,则诸侯皆为之駆矣;虽欲无王,不可得已。今之欲王者,犹七年之病求三年之艾也。茍为不畜,终身不得。茍不志于仁,终身忧辱,以陷于死亡。《诗》云:『其何能淑?载胥及溺』,此之谓也。」
英文参考译文
Mencius said, 'Jie and Zhou's losing the throne, arose from their losing the people, and to lose the people means to lose their hearts. There is a way to get the kingdom: get the people, and the kingdom is got. There is a way to get the people: get their hearts, and the people are got. There is a way to get their hearts: it is simply to collect for them what they like, and not to lay on them what they dislike. The people turn to a benevolent rule as water flows downwards, and as wild beasts fly to the wilderness. Accordingly, as the otter aids the deep waters, driving the fish into them, and the hawk aids the thickets, driving the little birds to them, so Jie and Zhou aided Tang and Wu, driving the people to them. If among the present rulers of the kingdom, there were one who loved benevolence, all the other princes would aid him, by driving the people to him. Although he wished not to become sovereign, he could not avoid becoming so. The case of one of the present princes wishing to become sovereign is like the having to seek for mugwort three years old, to cure a seven years' sickness. If it have not been kept in store, the patient may all his life not get it. If the princes do not set their wills on benevolence, all their days will be in sorrow and disgrace, and they will be involved in death and ruin. This is illustrated by what is said in the Book of Poetry, "How otherwise can you improve the kingdom? You will only with it go to ruin."'
重点修订页
人工补强的解释层
核心问题
为什么孟子把“得天下”最终追到“得其心”?
直接回答
因为在他看来,天下不是先靠地盘和兵力保住,而是靠人民愿不愿意把心交给你。若人民所欲不聚、所恶反加,地位再高也只是空壳。
第一性原理
合法性不是最后用宣传去包装权力,而是最先决定权力能否成立的根本条件。
为什么重要
这章是孟子政治思想里最适合搜索与引用的合法性页面之一,直接承接“得民心者得天下”“lose the people lose the throne”等意图。
延伸阅读
这章在做什么
这章是《离娄上》第 9 / 28 章,最直接的进入线索是“桀纣之失天下也,失其民也”。放回全卷,它讨论的是自反、乱世与守道,并可与仁政互相印证。
更宽的搜索入口
如果你带着更宽的问题进入这一章,先从正确的 hub 页进入
全卷语境
《离娄上》经常从自反与守道的角度讨论乱世中的行动标准。
关联主题
引用提示
不要只摘取“得民心者得天下”。前面关于所欲与之聚、所恶勿施尔的条件,才说明“得心”不是抽象好感,而是具体治理方向。